Red fluorescent protein Dyes

Fluorescent proteins can revolutionize biological research under certain definitions-the use of fluorescent proteins can be used to observe cell activity, to label expressed proteins, to perform in-depth proteomics experiments, and more, especially in the process of cancer research, due to the emergence of fluorescent proteins, scientists can observe the specific activities of tumor cells, such as tumor cell growth, invasion, metastasis and newborn. Researchers from Moscow have developed a deep-red fluorescent protein that emits light with extremely high permeability. Even if the protein is located deep inside a small animal, its light can penetrate the organism and be seen by the outside world. This allows biologists to more easily monitor the onset and rehabilitation of living organisms without the need for invasive research.

Red fluorescent protein (RFP) Dyes

Red fluorescent protein (RFP) is a fluorophore that emits red-orange fluorescence when excited. Several variants have been developed using directed mutagenesis. The original file was separated from Discosoma and named DsRed. Other orange, red and far-red fluorescence can now be used. The RFP is approximately 25.9 kDa. The maximum excitation wavelength is 558 nm and the maximum emission wavelength is 583 nm. The first fluorescent protein discovered, green fluorescent protein (GFP), has been used to identify and develop fluorescent markers in other colors. Variants such as yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) have been found in Anthozoa. Problems with fluorescent proteins include the length of time between protein synthesis and fluorescent expression. The maturation time of DsRed is about 24 hours, making it unusable for many experiments performed in a shorter time frame. In addition, DsRed exists as a tetramer, which may affect the function of the protein to which it is attached. Genetic engineering has improved the practicality of RFP by increasing the speed of fluorescence development and creating monomer mutations. Improved RFP variants include mFruits (mCherry, mOrange, mRaspberry), mKO, TagRFP, mKate, mRuby, FusionRed, mScarlet and DsRed-Express. DsRed has proven to be more suitable for optical imaging methods than EGFP.

References:

1. Bevis, Brooke J.; et al. Rapidly maturing variants of the Discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed). Nature Biotechnology. 2002, 20 (1): 87–90.
2. Miyawaki, Atsushi.; et al. Red fluorescent proteins: chromophore formation and cellular applications. Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 2012, 22 (5): 679–688.
3. Piatkevich, Kiryl D.; et al. Guide to Red Fluorescent Proteins and Biosensors for Flow Cytometry. Methods in Cell Biology. 2011, 102: 431–461.