Chloride Probes
BOC Sciences offers a range of high quantum yield fluorophores with different water solubility for use in chloride ion detection applications for a variety of customers. Our chloride probes are readily fluorescently quenched (strength and longevity) by the presence of aqueous solutions, complexes or pseudo chlorides, and are well suited for the determination of chlorides in physiological or environmental settings.
The chloride probe we provided is a highly fluorescent probe that is partially soluble in water and sensitive to complex chlorides or pseudo chlorides, making it ideal for the analysis of chlorides in various media and cell/lipid applications. personnel. It can be easily excited in the range of 300-380 nm with an emission center of ≈440 nm. It is highly soluble in both MeOH and EtOH and is also readily soluble in plastic sensor carriers, making it ideal for cell surface chloride assays where the hydrophobic tail anchor probe is within the cell membrane.
Stern-Volmer Fluorescence Quenching
George Stokes first described the fluorescence quenching of halides on fluorophores in 1869, when he observed that the fluorescence of quinine in dilute sulfuric acid was reduced after the addition of hydrochloric acid (ie, chloride ions). The process he observes is now often referred to as "dynamic fluorescence quenching", and in the presence of quencher Q, the lifetime and intensity of the fluorescence are reduced. It is well known that this process follows the Stern–Volmer dynamics.
which can be used to obtain values of kqτ0 (the Stern–Volmer onstant, Ksv, units mol L-1) by plotting I0/I as a function of [Q]. I0 and I are the fluorescence intensities in the absence and presence of Q respectively, kq is a specific constant describing bimolecular collisional deactivation of electronic energy and τ0 is the fluorescence lifetime in the absence of a quencher. If quenching occurs only by a dynamic mechanism and τ0 is a monoexponential decay time, then the ratio τ0/τ will also be equal to 1+kq τ0 [Q], where τ is the lifetime in the presence of quencher, hence,
This equation illustrates an important feature of collisional annihilation, namely the equivalent reduction in fluorescence intensity and lifetime.
References:
- Geddes, CD.; et al. Optical halide sensing using fluorescence quenching: Theory, simulations and applications – A review. Measurement Science and Technology. 2001. 12(9), R53-R88.
- Birks JB.; et al. Organic Molecular Photophysics. New York: Wiley. 1975, 409–613.
- Q. Wang.; et al. Binding interaction of atorvastatin with bovine serum albumin: Spectroscopic methods and molecular docking. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2016, 156 155-163.
- P.D. Ross.; et al. Thermodynamics of protein association reactions: forces contributing to stability, Biochemistry. 1981,20, 3096-3102.
Dyes Application
- Acridine Dyes
- Alcian Blue Stain Dyes
- Alexa Fluor Dyes
- Allophycocyanin Dyes
- Anthracene Dyes
- BODIPY Dyes
- Coumarin Dyes
- Cresyl Violet Dyes
- Crystal Violet Dyes
- DAPI Dyes
- DNA Dyes Stain
- Feulgen Stain Dyes
- Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dyes
- Fluorescent protein Dyes
- Nile Blue Dyes
- Nile Red Dyes
- Pacific Blue Dyes
- Pacific Green Dyes
- Pacific Orange Dyes
- Pyrene Dyes
- Texas Red Dyes
- Xanthene Dyes
Probe Application
